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class="article-crumbs">褰撳墠浣嶇疆錛?<a href='/npc/index.shtml' target="_blank">棣栭〉</a> </div> <div class="fl w680"> <div class="tit"><h2></h2> <h1>鍏ㄨ繃紼嬩漢姘戞皯涓葷殑鈥滅敓鍔ㄩ婕斺€?/h1> <h3>鈥斺€旂煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氬洖欏句笌鎬濊€?/h3> <p>鐭沖搴勫競浜哄ぇ甯稿浼?/p> <p></p> </div> <div class="fontsize"> 鏉ユ簮錛?涓浗浜哄ぇ緗?nbsp; 嫻忚瀛楀彿錛?<a href="#" onclick="Zoom.style.fontSize='24px';">澶?/a> <a href="#" onclick="Zoom.style.fontSize='16px';">涓?/a> <a href="#" onclick="Zoom.style.fontSize='12px';">灝?/a> <span class="fr">2021騫?2鏈?7鏃?13:34:08</span> </div> <div id="Zoom"> <p style="text-indent: 2em;">涔犺繎騫蟲€諱功璁版寚鍑猴細鈥滄垜鍥藉叏榪囩▼浜烘皯姘戜富涓嶄粎鏈夊畬鏁寸殑鍒跺害紼嬪簭錛岃€屼笖鏈夊畬鏁寸殑鍙備笌瀹炶返銆傗€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[1</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="vertical-align: super;">]</span>鍏ㄨ繃紼嬩漢姘戞皯涓葷殑閲嶅ぇ鐞嗗康錛屼赴瀵屽拰鎷撳睍浜嗕腑鍥界壒鑹茬ぞ浼氫富涔夋皯涓繪斂娌誨拰浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細鍒跺害鐨勬斂娌誨唴娑點€佺悊璁哄唴娑點€佸疄璺靛唴娑點€?949騫?鏈?1鏃ヨ嚦8鏈?鏃ワ紝鐭沖搴勫競鎴愬姛鍙紑棣栧眾浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細錛屾垚涓虹涓€涓彫寮€浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細鐨勫煄甯傦紝鍦ㄦ皯涓葷悊蹇點€佸緩鏀跨翰棰嗐€佸尯鍩熸櫘閫夈€佷細璁▼搴忕瓑鏂歸潰錛屼負鍏朵粬鏂拌В鏀懼煄甯傚緩绔嬫皯涓繪斂鏉冨強寤哄浗鍚庡緩绔嬩漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氬埗搴︾Н绱簡瀹濊吹緇忛獙錛屸€滄彁渚涗簡鍏ㄥ浗瀹炶浜烘皯姘戜富鐨勮寖渚嬧€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[2]</span>錛岃繘琛屼簡鍏ㄨ繃紼嬩漢姘戞皯涓葷殑鈥滅敓鍔ㄩ婕斺€濄€?/span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 榛戜綋;">濮嬬粓鍧氭寔涓浗鍏變駭鍏氶瀵艱繖涓€鏈€楂樻斂娌誨師鍒?/span></p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;">鐭沖搴勪綔涓鴻В鏀炬垬浜夋椂鏈熻В鏀劇殑絎竴涓ぇ鍩庡競錛屾垜鍏氬叧浜庡煄甯傚伐浣滅殑涓€緋誨垪鎺㈢儲鍜屽疄璺佃倗濮嬩簬姝ゃ€傛瘺娉戒笢鍚屽織鎸囧嚭錛氣€滀漢浠殑鎬濇兂鏄窡鐫€鐗╄川鐨勫彉鍖栬€屽彉鍖栫殑錛屾墦寮€鐭沖搴勫氨鏄竴涓墿璐ㄧ殑鍙樺寲鈥?span style="vertical-align: super;">[3]</span>錛涘湪銆婁腑鍏變腑澶叧浜庡煄甯傚伐浣滅殑鎸囩ず銆嬩腑寮鴻皟錛氣€滃儚鐭沖搴勮繖鏍烽噸瑕佺殑緇忛獙鈥濓紝鈥滃繀欏誨紩璧峰叏鍏氭敞鎰忊€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[4]</span>銆傚垬灝戝鍚屽織鍦ㄥ鐭沖搴勫伐浣滅殑鎸囩ず涓彁鍑猴紝瑕佲€滃垱閫犲嚭涓€濂楃煶瀹跺簞鐨勪笢瑗庫€濓紝涓哄叏鍏氬伐浣滈噸蹇冧粠鍐滄潙杞悜鍩庡競鎻愪緵鏍鋒湰錛岃姹傗€滃湪涓€騫村唴閫夊嚭浜烘皯浠ｈ〃錛屽彫寮€甯備漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氾紝緇勭粐姝ｅ紡鐨勬皯涓誨競鏀垮簻鈥濓紝騫舵槑紜簡鍙紑浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細搴斿叿澶囩殑鍥涗釜鏉′歡<span style="vertical-align: super;">[5]</span>銆傜煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氬彫寮€鐨勭壒孌婂巻鍙茶儗鏅紝蹇呯劧瑕佹眰鍧氭寔鍜屽姞寮哄厷鐨勯瀵鹼紝鎶婂厷鐨勫緩鏀跨翰棰嗚漿鍖栦負鍏蜂綋瀹炶返錛屼嬌澶т細淇濇寔姝ｇ‘鐨勬斂娌繪柟鍚戯紝瀹屾垚鎵€鑲╄礋鐨勭壒孌婂巻鍙蹭嬌鍛姐€?/p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 妤蜂綋, 妤蜂綋_GB2312;">閬靛驚鍥㈢粨涓庢皯涓葷殑鏂歸拡</span><span style="vertical-align: super;">[6]</span>銆傚潥鎸佸洟緇撲笌姘戜富錛屾槸榪欐澶т細鐨勯噸瑕佹柟閽堛€傛椂浠誨競闀垮垬縐€宄板湪澶т細鎶ュ憡涓寚鍑衡€滄垜浠殑浼氭槸鍥㈢粨鐨勫ぇ浼氾紝鏄皯涓葷殑澶т細鈥?span style="vertical-align: super;">[7]</span>錛屽悇闃跺眰浜烘皯鍥㈢粨璧鋒潵錛屽厖鍒嗗彂鎵皯涓伙紝鍏奸【鍚勬柟鍒╃泭錛屽埗瀹氬畬鍠勯€傝鐨勬柦鏀挎柟閽堬紝鍏卞悓鎶婄煶瀹跺簞鐨勪簨鎯呭姙濂斤紱寮鴻皟鈥滄垜浠殑浼氫篃鏄叿浣撳疄鐜頒互宸ヤ漢闃剁駭涓洪瀵肩殑浠ュ伐鍐滆仈鐩熶負鍩虹鐨勪漢姘戞皯涓諱笓鏀挎斂鏉冪殑澶т細鈥?span style="vertical-align: super;">[8]</span>錛屽ぇ浼氫唬琛ㄤ簡闄ゅ弽鍔ㄦ淳浠ュ鐨勫悇闃剁駭銆佸悇闃跺眰銆佸悇浜烘皯鍥綋錛屽湪鍏變駭鍏氱殑棰嗗涓嬶紝姣忎釜浜洪兘鑳介€氳繃鑷繁鐨勪唬琛ㄧ洿鎺ユ垨闂存帴鍦扮鐞嗙煶瀹跺簞銆傝繖涓姤鍛婅娓呮浜嗗叡浜у厷鐨勯瀵煎湴浣嶅拰鏀挎不涓誨紶錛屼互鍙婂厷鐨勫洟緇撴斂絳栧拰姘戜富鐞嗗康錛涘洖絳斾簡鏂扮敓鏀挎潈鐨勬€ц川鏄粈涔堬紝鐗瑰埆鏄負浠€涔堝繀欏諱互宸ヤ漢闃剁駭涓洪瀵鹼紱榪樺皢鏀垮簻宸ヤ綔鎶ュ憡涓悇鏂歸潰鐨勫伐浣滐紝鎻愬埌鏀跨瓥鍘熷垯涓婃潵鍔犱互闃愯堪銆傝鎶ュ憡浣滀負榪欐澶т細鐨勪富鎶ュ憡錛岃瘡褰諱簡鍏氱殑涓冨眾浜屼腑鍏ㄤ細綺劇錛屽皢鍏氱殑鏀挎不綰查鍜屽洟緇撴皯涓繪柟閽堬紝鍙樻垚浜嗘暣涓ぇ浼氱殑鎸囧鎬濇兂鍜屾柟閽堬紝騫朵負浠ｈ〃浠繘鑰屼負鍏ㄥ競浜烘皯鎵€鎺屾彙錛屼負寮€濂借繖嬈″ぇ浼氫互鑷充粖鍚庝竴涓椂鏈熷緩璁劇鐞嗗ソ鐭沖搴勭瓚鐗簡鎬濇兂鍩虹銆?/p> <p 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super;">[10]</span>銆傚厷棰嗗涓嬫斁鎵嬪疄琛屾皯涓伙紝鎵ц姘戜富闆嗕腑鍒剁殑鍘熷垯錛屾槸榪欐澶т細閲囧彇鐨勪富瑕佹柟娉曪紝涔熸槸澶т細鍙栧緱鎴愬姛鐨勫熀鏈粡楠屻€傚ぇ浼氬彫寮€鍓嶏紝鎴愮珛鐢卞垬縐€宄般€佸惔绔嬩漢絳?浜虹粍鎴愮殑澶т細涓存椂鍏氱粍<span style="vertical-align: super;">[11]</span>錛屽厖鍒嗗彂鎸ョ粍緇囬瀵間綔鐢紝灝嗗厷鐨勬皯涓葷悊蹇佃瘡褰誨緇堛€傚湪閫夋皯鐧昏闃舵錛岀粡榪囦弗鏍肩殑瀹℃煡騫舵牳鎵癸紝浠呮湁10浜鴻鍓ュず閫変婦鏉冿紝鏈€澶ч檺搴﹀湴淇濋殰浜嗕漢姘戜韓鏈夐€変婦鏉冨埄銆備唬琛ㄦ寮忛€変婦鏃訛紝閫夋皯鍙傞€夌巼瓚呰繃74%錛岃繖鍦ㄥ綋鏃舵槸寰堜笉瀹規槗鐨勩€傚湪璁ㄨ鍙戣█鏃訛紝鍏氬唴浜嬪厛涓嶄綔緇熶竴甯冪疆錛屽己璋冣€滀笉瑕佹€曡閿欙紝閿欎簡鍙０鏄庡彟璇粹€濓紝鈥滀換浣曚漢涓嶈兘闄愬埗浠諱綍浠ｈ〃鐨勫彂璦€鈥?span style="vertical-align: super;">[12]</span>銆傚浜庡ぇ浼氶€変婦錛屽垬縐€宄拌錛氣€滄垜浠媴蹇冪殑鏄叡浜у厷鍛樺綋閫夊お澶氾紝鑰岄潪鍏氫漢澹綋閫夊お灝戔€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[13]</span>錛屽紩璧蜂簡鍚勬柟闈㈢殑涓€鑷存暚浣┿€傞€変婦甯傛斂搴滃鍛橈紝宸姣斾緥瓚呰繃1/3錛屽厷鐨勮礋璐ｄ漢寰楀埌鏅亶鎷ユ埓錛屽垬縐€宄板叏紲ㄥ綋閫夛紝鍏朵粬鍏氬憳璐熻矗浜哄緱紲ㄦ暟鍧囧湪90%浠ヤ笂銆傚ぇ浼氭湡闂達紝浠ｈ〃浠篃鎻愬嚭緇勭粐鏉′緥銆佸ぇ浼氫細鏈熺瓑搴旇瀹氭洿鏄庣‘錛屽厷澶栦漢澹繕瑕佹眰澶т細瑕佹洿鍔犳瑙勶紝鈥滆繖浜涘灞炰簬緇忛獙涓嶈凍鑰屼駭鐢熺殑緙虹偣錛岀敱浜庢斁鎵嬫皯涓葷殑璁ㄨ錛岃ˉ瓚充簡鍑嗗宸ヤ綔涓殑緙虹偣鈥?span style="vertical-align: super;">[14]</span>銆備細鍚庯紝浠ｈ〃浠拰騫垮ぇ甯傛皯閮界敱琛峰湴璇達細鈥滃彧鏈夊叡浜у厷鎵嶆湁鐪熸鐨勬皯涓燴€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[15]</span>銆?/p> <p style="text-indent: 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super;">[36]</span>銆傚湪嬈㈡榧撹垶鐨勯棴騫曞吀紺間笂錛屾柊鏀垮簻濮斿憳鍜屼唬琛ㄤ滑鐑儓琛ㄧず涓轟漢姘戞湇鍔＄殑鍐沖績錛氣€滄垜浠鎶婄煶瀹跺簞寤鴻濂斤紝蹇呴』渚濋潬鑰佺櫨濮擄紝娌℃湁鑰佺櫨濮撶殑鍔姏錛屼換浣曟斂搴滃鍛樹篃鏄姙涓嶅埌鐨勨€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[37]</span>銆?8宀佺殑鍐滄皯浠ｈ〃闄嗘槬闀匡紝寮€浜?9澶╀細閮芥槸鍏夌潃鑴婃錛岄棴騫曞綋澶╃┛涓婁粬鐨勭傳鑺卞竷?。鏈嶅Q岀瑧寰楁娍涓嶄綇鍢達細鈥滄垜鏄綋閫夊競鏀垮簻濮斿憳浜嗭紝鎴戣鏈嶅姟鍒板簳錛佷竴澶╀笉姝伙紝鎴戣涓虹兢浼楀姙涓€澶╁伐浣滐紒鈥?span style="vertical-align: super;">[38]</span>浼氬悗錛屼唬琛ㄤ滑鍏呭垎鍙戞尌妗ユ綰藉甫浣滅敤錛屾繁鍏ュ伐鍘傘€佽鍖恒€佸啘鏉戝甫澶磋瘡褰繪墽琛屽ぇ浼氶€氳繃鐨勫悇欏瑰喅璁€傛柊鏀垮簻鈥?鏈堝悗浠ヨ瘡褰誨競浜轟唬浼氳綺劇涓轟腑蹇冣€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[39]</span>錛屽澶т細鍚勯」鍐寵浣滃嚭鍏蜂綋瀹炴柦璁″垝錛屽茍浣撶幇鍒板悇欏規柦鏀挎帾鏂戒笂銆佷綋鐜板埌鍚勪釜鏂歸潰宸ヤ綔涓紝綺姣斿幓騫村浜?15涓囨枻錛屽悇涓昏宸ュ巶鐢熶駭姘村鉤鍧囨彁楂樹簡30%鍒?0%錛屾煇浜涘伐鍘傝繕杈懼埌浜嗘洿楂樼殑姘村鉤銆傝繖嬈″ぇ浼氬箍娉涘洟緇撳悇闃跺眰浜烘皯錛屽仛鍒頒簡鍧氭寔鍏氱殑棰嗗鍑濊仛浜嗘皯蹇冦€佸疄鐜板綋瀹朵綔涓昏澶у嬈㈠績銆佽娓呭厷鐨勬斂絳栦嬌鍚勬柟欏哄績錛岃繘鑰屽寮轟簡寤鴻鈥滀漢姘戠殑鐭沖搴勨€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[40</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="vertical-align: super;">]</span>鐨勪俊蹇冨拰鍐沖績銆?/span></p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;">鐭沖搴勫競棣栧眾浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細鐨勫疄璺佃瘉鏄庯紝涓浗鍏變駭鍏氱殑棰嗗鏄疄鐜板叏榪囩▼浜烘皯姘戜富鐨勬牴鏈繚璇侊紝浜烘皯褰撳浣滀富鏄疄鐜板叏榪囩▼浜烘皯姘戜富鐨勬湰璐ㄨ姹傦紝浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細鍒跺害鏄疄鐜板叏榪囩▼浜烘皯姘戜富鐨勯噸瑕佸埗搴﹁澆浣擄紝榪欎笁鑰呯己涓€涓嶅彲錛屾湁鏈虹粺涓€浜庡疄琛屽叏榪囩▼浜烘皯姘戜富鐨勭敓鍔ㄥ疄璺典腑錛屽厖鍒嗗槳鏄句簡涓浗鐗硅壊紺句細涓諱箟鏀挎不鍒跺害鐨勫法澶т紭瓚婃€с€?/p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;">72騫村墠錛屽湪涓浗鍏變駭鍏氫漢榪涗含璧惰€冦€佷竴涓喘鏂版斂鏉冨嵆灝嗚癁鐢熺殑浼熷ぇ鏃跺埢錛屾瘺娉戒笢涓誨腑鎸囧嚭錛氣€滄垜浠笉閲囧彇璧勪駭闃剁駭鍏卞拰鍥界殑鍥戒細鍒跺害錛岃€岄噰鍙栨棤浜ч樁綰у叡鍜屽浗鐨勮嫃緇村焹鍒跺害鈥︹€︹€樿嫃緇村焹鈥欒繖涓鏉ヨ鎴戜滑涓嶇敤錛岃€屽彨鍋氫漢姘戜唬琛ㄤ細璁€傗€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[41]</span>鍦ㄦ垜浠厷棰嗗浜烘皯鎺㈢儲涓浗姘戜富鏀挎不鍙戝睍閬撹礬銆佸緩绔嬩漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氬埗搴︾殑鑹拌緵鍘嗙▼涓紝鐭沖搴勭巼鍏堣繘琛屼簡姘戜富寤烘斂瀹炶返錛屾彁渚涗簡鍏ㄥ浗瀹炶浜烘皯姘戜富鐨勮寖渚嬶紝涓哄疄琛屽叏榪囩▼浜烘皯姘戜富鎷夊紑浜嗏€滀竴鍑洪暱鍓х殑涓€涓煭灝忕殑搴忓箷銆傗€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[42]</span>72騫村悗錛岄潰瀵逛笘鐣岀櫨騫存湭鏈変箣澶у彉灞€銆佸疄鐜頒腑鍗庢皯鏃忎紵澶у鍏寸殑鍏抽敭鏃舵湡錛屼範榪戝鉤鎬諱功璁版寚鍑猴細鈥滆鍧氭寔涓浗鐗硅壊紺句細涓諱箟鏀挎不鍙戝睍閬撹礬錛屽潥鎸佸拰瀹屽杽浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細鍒跺害錛屽姞寮哄拰鏀硅繘鏂版椂浠ｄ漢澶у伐浣滐紝涓嶆柇鍙戝睍鍏ㄨ繃紼嬩漢姘戞皯涓伙紝宸╁浐鍜屽彂灞曠敓鍔ㄦ椿娉箋€佸畨瀹氬洟緇撶殑鏀挎不灞€闈€傗€?span style="vertical-align: super;">[43]</span>绔欏湪鏂扮殑鍘嗗彶璧風偣錛屾垜浠浠ヤ範榪戝鉤鏂版椂浠ｄ腑鍥界壒鑹茬ぞ浼氫富涔夋€濇兂涓烘寚瀵鹼紝榪藉浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細鍒跺害鐨勫彂灞曡凍榪癸紝璁插ソ姘戜富鏁呬簨錛岃癄閲婂埗搴︿紭鍔匡紝鍧氬畾鍒跺害鑷俊錛屽湪瀹炵幇絎簩涓櫨騫村鏂楃洰鏍囥€佸疄鐜頒腑鍗庢皯鏃忎紵澶у鍏寸殑鏂板緛紼嬩腑錛屽鍔涜氨鍐欎笉鏂彂灞曞叏榪囩▼浜烘皯姘戜富鐨勫喘鏂扮瘒绔狅紒</p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 妤蜂綋, 妤蜂綋_GB2312;">錛堟墽絎斾漢錛氱煶瀹跺簞甯備漢澶у父濮斾細甯稿姟鍓涔﹂暱鐜嬪崰宄?ensp;鐭沖搴勫競浜哄ぇ甯稿浼氭枃鍗闀挎鏅撳摬錛?/span></p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[1]2021騫?0鏈?3鏃ワ紝銆婁範榪戝鉤鍚屽織鍦ㄤ腑澶漢澶у伐浣滀細璁笂鐨勮璇濄€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[2]1949騫?鏈?5鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ€嬬浜岀増銆婃彁渚涗簡鍏ㄥ浗瀹炶浜烘皯姘戜富鐨勮寖渚?ensp; 鐭沖競浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細闂箷閫夊嚭鍚勭晫浠ｈ〃寤夸簲浜轟負鏀垮簻濮斿憳鍒樼宄般€佽嚙浼鉤鑽ｄ換姝ｅ壇甯傞暱銆嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[3]1948騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婂湪涓叡涓ぎ鏀挎不灞€浼氳涓婄殑鎶ュ憡銆嬶紝涓叡涓ぎ鏂囩尞鐮旂┒瀹ょ紪錛氥€婃瘺娉戒笢鏂囬泦銆嬬浜斿嵎絎?36欏碉紝浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[4]1948騫?鏈?5鏃ワ紝銆婁腑鍏變腑澶叧浜庡煄甯傚伐浣滅殑鎸囩ず銆嬶紝涓叡涓ぎ鏀跨瓥鐮旂┒瀹ょ紪錛氥€婁竴涔濆洓鍏勾浠ユ潵鏀跨瓥姹囩紪銆嬬99欏碉紝涓叡涓ぎ鍗庡寳灞€鍗般€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[5]1947騫?2鏈?6鏃ワ紝銆婇粍鏁紶杈懼垬灝戝鍏充簬鐭沖搴勫伐浣滅殑鎸囩ず銆嬶紝鈥滃洓涓潯浠垛€濆叿浣撴槸錛氱涓€錛屾湁緹や紬鐨勫熀鏈粍緇囷紝濡傚厷鐨勭粍緇囧拰宸ヤ細銆侀潚騫村洟銆佽傳姘戠粍緇囩瓑錛涚浜岋紝宸叉妸鍖恒€佽鐨勪笅灞炴斂鏉冪粍緇囧緩绔嬭搗鏉ワ紱絎笁錛屽叕姘戠櫥璁板畬姣曪紱絎洓錛屽畬鎴愪簡蹇呰鐨勭珛娉曞伐浣滐紝濡傞€変婦娉曘€佹斂搴滅粍緇囨硶絳夈€備腑澶。妗堥緙栵細銆婃檵瀵熷唨瑙ｆ斁鍖哄巻鍙叉枃鐚€夌紪1945鈥?949銆嬬349欏點€佺350欏碉紝涓浗?。妗堝嚭鐗埥C俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[6]1949騫?鏈?0鏃ワ紝銆婅浜烘皯姘戜富涓撴斂綰康涓浗鍏變駭鍏氫簩鍗佸叓鍛ㄥ勾銆嬶紝銆婃瘺娉戒笢閫夐泦銆嬬鍥涘嵎絎?472欏點€佺1475欏碉紝浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[7]1949騫?鏈?4鏃ワ紝銆婄洰鍓嶅艦鍔夸笌鐭沖競鏂芥斂鏂歸拡鍜屼粖鍚庡伐浣滅殑鎶ュ憡銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜烘皯鏀垮簻縐樹功澶勭紪錛氥€婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭眹鍒娿€嬶紙鍥藉涓€綰ч潻鍛芥枃鐗╋級絎?3欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[8]1949騫?鏈?4鏃ワ紝銆婄洰鍓嶅艦鍔夸笌鐭沖競鏂芥斂鏂歸拡鍜屼粖鍚庡伐浣滅殑鎶ュ憡銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜烘皯鏀垮簻縐樹功澶勭紪錛氥€婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭眹鍒娿€嬶紙鍥藉涓€綰ч潻鍛芥枃鐗╋級絎?3欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[9]1949騫?鏈堬紝姣涙辰涓滃悓蹇楁彁鍑衡€滃叕縐佸吋欏撅紝鍔寵祫涓ゅ埄錛屽煄涔′簰鍔╋紝鍐呭浜ゆ祦鈥濈殑鍩庡競緇忔祹宸ヤ綔鏀跨瓥錛屽嵆鈥滃洓闈㈠叓鏂光€濇斂絳栥€傚洓闈紝鍗沖叕縐佸叧緋伙紝鍔寵祫鍏崇郴錛屽煄涔″叧緋伙紝鍐呭鍏崇郴錛涘叓鏂癸紝鍗沖叕縐佷袱鏂廣€佸姵璧勪袱鏂廣€佸煄涔′袱鏂廣€佸唴澶栦袱鏂廣€備腑鍏變腑澶枃鐚爺絀跺緙栵細銆婃瘺娉戒笢騫磋氨銆嬶紙1893鈥斺€?949淇鏈笅鍗鳳級絎?95欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[10]1949騫?鏈堬紝銆婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氱殑鍩烘湰緇忛獙銆嬶紝涓叡涓ぎ鍗庡寳灞€鏀跨瓥鐮旂┒瀹ょ紪錛氥€婄爺絀惰祫鏂欍€嬬19欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[11]1949騫?鏈?8鏃ユ垚绔嬶紝銆婁腑鍥藉叡浜у厷娌沖寳鐪佺煶瀹跺簞甯傜粍緇囧彶璧勬枡娌沖寳鐪佺煶瀹跺簞甯傛斂鏉冪郴緇熺粍緇囧彶璧勬枡1923鈥?987銆嬬329欏碉紝娌沖寳浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[12]1949騫?鏈?1鏃ワ紝銆婂惔绔嬩漢浠ｈ〃寮€騫曡瘝銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜哄ぇ甯稿浼氬姙鍏緙栵細銆婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭。妗堟枃鐚€夌紪銆嬬46欏碉紝娌沖寳浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[13]1949騫?鏈?4鏃ワ紝銆婄洰鍓嶅艦鍔夸笌鐭沖競鏂芥斂鏂歸拡鍜屼粖鍚庡伐浣滅殑鎶ュ憡銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜烘皯鏀垮簻縐樹功澶勭紪錛氥€婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭眹鍒娿€嬶紙鍥藉涓€綰ч潻鍛芥枃鐗╋級絎?4欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[14]1949騫?鏈堬紝涓叡鐭沖搴勫競濮斾細錛氥€婄煶甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氱殑鍩烘湰緇忛獙銆嬶紙鍏氬唴鏂囦歡錛夌6欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[15]1949騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ€嬬浜岀増銆婁粠涓€涓細璁湅涓€涓漢姘戝煄甯傜殑鎴愰暱鈥斺€旇鐭沖搴勫競絎竴嬈′漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氥€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[16]1949騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ€嬬浜岀増銆婁粠涓€涓細璁湅涓€涓漢姘戝煄甯傜殑鎴愰暱鈥斺€旇鐭沖搴勫競絎竴嬈′漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氥€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[17]1949騫?鏈堬紝銆婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氫唬琛ㄦ垚浠界粺璁¤〃銆嬨€婁唬琛ㄦ枃鍖栫▼搴︾粺璁¤〃銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜烘皯鏀垮簻縐樹功澶勭紪錛氥€婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭眹鍒娿€嬶紙鍥藉涓€綰ч潻鍛芥枃鐗╋級絎?1欏點€佺72欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[18]1949騫?鏈?1鏃ワ紝銆婂惔绔嬩漢浠ｈ〃寮€騫曡瘝銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜哄ぇ甯稿浼氬姙鍏緙栵細銆婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭。妗堟枃鐚€夌紪銆嬬45欏碉紝娌沖寳浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[19]1949騫?鏈堬紝銆婄煶瀹跺簞甯傜涓€灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭姤鍛娿€嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競?。妗堥锛屽嵎瀹楃洰褰曞忴P細3鈥?鈥?2錛岀88欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[20]1949騫?鏈?1鏃ワ紝銆婄煶瀹跺簞鏃ユ姤銆嬪ご鐗堛€婂簡紲濇湰甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氬紑騫曘€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[21]1949騫?鏈?0鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ€嬪ご鐗堛€婃皯涓誨洟緇撶煡鏃犱笉璦€ 鐭沖競浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細閫氳繃璁鍗佷笁欏硅繘涓€姝ュ彂灞曞伐涓氬緩璁俱€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[22]1949騫?鏈?0鏃ワ紝銆婁唬琛ㄣ€佹潵瀹捐璇濇憳褰曘€嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜烘皯鏀垮簻縐樹功澶勭紪錛氥€婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭眹鍒娿€嬶紙鍥藉涓€綰ч潻鍛芥枃鐗╋級絎?欏點€?</span><br> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 瀹嬩綋; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 32px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">[23]</span>1949騫?鏈?8鏃ワ紝銆婄煶瀹跺簞鏃ユ姤銆嬬浜岀増銆婁漢浠ｄ細鍦ㄨ澶淬€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[24]2017騫?0鏈?8鏃ワ紝銆婂喅鑳滃叏闈㈠緩鎴愬皬搴風ぞ浼?ensp;澶哄彇鏂版椂浠ｄ腑鍥界壒鑹茬ぞ浼氫富涔変紵澶ц儨鍒┾€斺€斿湪涓浗鍏變駭鍏氱鍗佷節嬈″叏鍥戒唬琛ㄥぇ浼氫笂鐨勬姤鍛娿€嬶紙涔犺繎騫籌級銆?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[25]1949騫?鏈堬紝銆婂綋閫夋斂搴滃鍛樻垚浠界粺璁¤〃銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜烘皯鏀垮簻縐樹功澶勭紪錛氥€婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭眹鍒娿€嬶紙鍥藉涓€綰ч潻鍛芥枃鐗╋級絎?2欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[26]1949騫?鏈?5鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ€嬬浜岀増銆婃斂搴滀漢姘戞墦鎴愪竴鐗囷紒鐭沖競浜烘皯嬈㈡榧撹垶鐖辨埓鏂版斂搴滃鍛樸€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[27]1949騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ€嬬浜岀増銆婁粠涓€涓細璁湅涓€涓漢姘戝煄甯傜殑鎴愰暱鈥斺€旇鐭沖搴勫競絎竴嬈′漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氥€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[28]1949騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婂垬縐€宄板競闀塊棴騫曡瘝銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜哄ぇ甯稿浼氬姙鍏緙栵細銆婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭。妗堟枃鐚€夌紪銆嬬148欏碉紝娌沖寳浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[29]1949騫?鏈?5鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ€嬬浜岀増銆婃彁渚涗簡鍏ㄥ浗瀹炶浜烘皯姘戜富鐨勮寖渚?ensp; 鐭沖競浜烘皯浠ｈ〃澶т細闂箷閫夊嚭鍚勭晫浠ｈ〃寤夸簲浜轟負鏀垮簻濮斿憳鍒樼宄般€佽嚙浼鉤鑽ｄ換姝ｅ壇甯傞暱銆嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[30]1949騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婂叧浜庝漢姘戞斂鍗忕殑鍑犱釜闂銆嬶紙鍛ㄦ仼鏉ワ級錛屼腑鍥戒漢姘戣В鏀懼啗鍥介槻澶у鍏氬彶鍏氬緩鏀垮伐鏁欑爺瀹ょ紪錛氥€婁腑鍏卞厷鍙叉暀瀛﹀弬鑰冭祫鏂欍€嬬鍗佸叓鍐岀566欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[31]1943騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婂叧浜庨瀵兼柟娉曠殑鑻ュ共闂銆嬶紝銆婃瘺娉戒笢閫夐泦銆嬬涓夊嵎絎?99欏碉紝浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[32]1949騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婂垬縐€宄板競闀塊棴騫曡瘝銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜哄ぇ甯稿浼氬姙鍏緙栵細銆婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭。妗堟枃鐚€夌紪銆嬬147欏碉紝娌沖寳浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[33]1949騫?鏈堬紝銆婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氱殑鍩烘湰緇忛獙銆嬶紝涓叡涓ぎ鍗庡寳灞€鏀跨瓥鐮旂┒瀹ょ紪錛氥€婄爺絀惰祫鏂欍€嬬19欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[34]1949騫?鏈?2鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ€嬬浜岀増銆婂叿浣撳疄鐜頒漢姘戞皯涓諱笓鏀?ensp;鐭沖競浜轟唬浼氭寮忓紑騫曘€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[35]1949騫?0鏈?0鏃ワ紝姣涙辰涓滄壒杞€婂叧浜庡崕鍖楀悇鍩庡競鍙紑鍚勭晫浠ｈ〃浼氳鐨勬儏褰㈠拰緇忛獙鐨勬姤鍛娿€嬶紝涓叡涓ぎ鏂囩尞鐮旂┒瀹ょ紪錛氥€婂緩鍥戒互鏉ラ噸瑕佹枃鐚€夌紪銆嬬涓€鍐岀30欏碉紝涓ぎ鏂囩尞鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[36]1949騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ€嬬浜岀増銆婁粠涓€涓細璁湅涓€涓漢姘戝煄甯傜殑鎴愰暱鈥斺€旇鐭沖搴勫競絎竴嬈′漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氥€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[37]1949騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婂垬縐€宄板競闀塊棴騫曡瘝銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜哄ぇ甯稿浼氬姙鍏緙栵細銆婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭。妗堟枃鐚€夌紪銆嬬147欏碉紝娌沖寳浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[38]1949騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婄煶瀹跺簞鏃ユ姤銆嬬涓夌増銆婇檰鏄ラ暱褰撻€変簡錛併€嬨€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[39]1949騫?2鏈堬紝銆婂競姘戞斂灞€錛堝競浜轟唬浼氫富瑕佹壙鍔為儴闂級1949騫村伐浣滄€葷粨銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競?。妗堥缂栧Q氥€婄煶瀹跺簞甯傚洓鍗佷竷騫村彶銆嬬464欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[40]1948騫?1鏈?2鏃ワ紝銆婁漢姘戞棩鎶ャ€嬪ご鐗堝ご鏉°€婄煶瀹跺簞姘歌繙鏄漢姘戠殑鈥斺€斿簡紲濈煶瀹跺簞瑙ｆ斁涓€鍛ㄥ勾銆嬶紙鑱傝崳鑷伙級錛?949騫?鏈?4鏃ワ紝銆婄洰鍓嶅艦鍔夸笌鐭沖競鏂芥斂鏂歸拡鍜屼粖鍚庡伐浣滅殑鎶ュ憡銆嬶紝鐭沖搴勫競浜烘皯鏀垮簻縐樹功澶勭紪錛氥€婄煶瀹跺簞甯傞灞婁漢姘戜唬琛ㄥぇ浼氭眹鍒娿€嬶紙鍥藉涓€綰ч潻鍛芥枃鐗╋級絎?3欏點€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[41]1949騫?鏈?3鏃ワ紝銆婂湪涓叡涓冨眾浜屼腑鍏ㄤ細涓婄殑鎬葷粨銆嬶紝涓叡涓ぎ鏂囩尞鐮旂┒瀹ょ紪錛氥€婃瘺娉戒笢鏂囬泦銆嬬浜斿嵎絎?65欏碉紝浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[42]1949騫?鏈?鏃ワ紝銆婂湪涓浗鍏變駭鍏氱涓冨眾涓ぎ濮斿憳浼氱浜屾鍏ㄤ綋浼氳涓婄殑鎶ュ憡銆嬶紝銆婃瘺娉戒笢閫夐泦銆嬬鍥涘嵎絎?438欏碉紝浜烘皯鍑虹増紺俱€?/span><br> </p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">[43]2021騫?0鏈?3鏃ワ紝銆婁範榪戝鉤鍚屽織鍦ㄤ腑澶漢澶у伐浣滀細璁笂鐨勮璇濄€嬨€?/span><br> </p> </div> <div class="editor">緙? 杈戯細澶忕孩鐪?/div> <div class="editor">璐? 緙栵細浜庛€€嫻?/div> <div 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